THL Toolbox > Essays > THL Word To XML Manual > Preparing Your Essay and Creating a Glossary Table

Preparing Your Essay and Creating a Glossary Table

Contributor(s): Steven Weinberger, José Cabezón, David Germano, Nathaniel Grove, Bill McGrath, Michael Cox, Alison Melnick.

Introduction

The one special “digital” requirement we have for essays submitted to THL is that authors create a Glossary in Microsoft Word using our template and guidelines. The Glossary is what allows the converter program to create all the XML markup, such as marking a title as a title, in a particular language, and so forth. Stylesheets then display these online in particular ways, such as displaying book titles in italics. The XML markup also allows for powerful searching capability (such as across all text titles, or all Tibetan text titles), thus creating a sophisticated digital publication. What follows are detailed instructions for filling out the glossary, as well as how to handle these words in the body of your essay. We strongly recommend you print it out for easy reference. The actual glossary involves filling out a table in a MS Word file; download the template here. A sample of a completed glossary table looks like this:

The Glossary Table should include all Tibetan, Sanskrit, Chinese, Mongolian, Hindi, Pali, and Nepali words – as well as words in languages other than English such as French, Spanish, and so forth – that occur in the essay, along with their respective English translations. These include text titles (but only those not in the Bibliography), technical terms, personal names, organization names, place names, monastery and temple names, and so forth. See the section on “Glossary Table Entry Types” below for a full list of the types of words; note that for some types of words, such as personal names and place names, we do not ask that you provide an English translation. Also note that for English place names, person names, and building names, we ask that you enter them into the Glossary Table, as detailed below.

In the published online essay non-English words that are entered in the Glossary Table will be displayed according to the following guidelines. In Scholarly View, the first occurrence will display this way:

The root text of the Yoga Tantra class, the Compendium of Principles (De kho na nyid bsdus pa), was likely compiled/composed in the late seventh century.

In Popular View, the first occurrence will display this way:

The root text of the Yoga Tantra class, the Compendium of Principles (Dekhonanyi Düpa), was likely compiled/composed in the late seventh century.

All subsequent occurrences will display only the English translation. In special cases we will consider making allowances to this policy but please contact us about such cases and we will advise you how to proceed.

Background

The Glossary Table you submit allows your essay to appear online in two different user-selected views: a view with technically accurate transliterations (such as Wylie for Tibetan) for scholars in the field and a view with easy-to-pronounce and remember forms of words (such as simplified phonetics for Tibetan) for all other readers. Second, it provides your online essay with an interactive glossary for readers to see your translations of words as well as their equivalents in other languages, the type of word it is (text title, personal name, and so forth), and dates (for humans, dynasties, and so forth). Third, the Glossary Table allows us to run our automated process of converting the Word document into an XML file with full markup; this enables powerful searching using criteria such as language, type of word, and so forth. You must both create a Glossary Table and prepare your essay according to the instructions below in order for the Word to XML conversion process to work.

We provide a simple table in a Microsoft Word document that you use to prepare this glossary. You create an entry for each word that appears in your essay, following the instructions below, including English translation and the “type” of word – personal name, place name, technical term, text title, monastery, and so forth. All of the instructions below explain how to fill out the Glossary Table as well as how to prepare your essay itself.

Scholars are asked to specify Tibetan words in Wylie (DO NOT provide phonetic versions or Tibetan script versions!), Sanskrit in standard roman script transliteration with the proper diacritic marks (see the IATS system), Chinese in pinyin (and if the authors wants, also Chinese characters; use a unicode font only please!), and Mongolian in standard transliteration and phonetic rendering. We also request that you provide the translation equivalents of each word in the other Asian languages if they are commonly known, are within your scholarly expertise, and are relevant to the discussion (for example, provide the Sanskrit equivalents of Tibetan philosophical terms, or the Chinese equivalents of Tibetan place names such as ri bo rtse lnga).

English Translations: we require that in the Glossary Table, technical terms and text titles be translated into English. However, we do not require that person names, place names, or monastery/temple names be translated, though authors may do so if they desire. Keep in mind that when you include an English translation for a word in the Glossary Table, at the first occurrence of that word in the essay the English translation will appear with the word in its original language (such as Tibetan, Sanskrit, Chinese, and so forth) in parentheses, and each subsequent occurrence of the word in the essay will have only the English translation. This means that you cannot enter in the Glossary Table an English translation that is a definition rather than a translation. For example, if in the Glossary Table for the Sanskrit word lalitāsana you enter the English translation “posture of royal ease, with one leg drawn up” then in the essay every occurrence of lalitāsana will be replaced by “posture of royal ease, with one leg drawn up” (and the first occurrence only will have lalitāsana in parentheses following the English translation). Similarly, if in the entry for the Buddhist deity ’jam dpal you enter the English translation “Bodhisattva of Wisdom” then in the essay every occurrence of ’jam dpal will be replaced by “Bodhisattva of Wisdom” (and the first occurrence only will have ’jam dpal in parentheses following the English translation).

Including a Translation in the Glossary that Does Not Appear in the Essay: if you want the glossary to have an English translation for a word for which we do not require a translation (such as a monastery) but in the essay itself you do not want this translation to replace the word in its original language, then in the Variant column of the table enter # (the pound sign). Note: this is ONLY for words that do not require a translation; do NOT use this for titles, technical terms, and so forth, which do require a translation.

In the essay itself: for Tibetan words, enter the THL Extended Wylie transliteration; for Sanskrit, enter the transliteration, using diacritic marks; for Chinese, enter the pinyin; for Mongolian, enter the transliteration; for Nepali, enter the transliteration. Do not translate the words into English, phonetic, or any other forms in the essay itself – just provide, in the case of Tibetan words, for example, the Wylie. Because you have created the full entry for the word in the Glossary Table, our publishing system will create the full display in the online essay.

For people’s names, we also ask that you indicate their birth and death dates (if available) in the date field in the Glossary Table; for other dates associated with a dynasty, text, building, piece of art, and so forth, and which would occur in parentheses immediately after the text, building, etc., use the date field in the Glossary Table (consult details below). Do not put such information in the essay itself – our publishing system will insert this in the process of creating the XML file, and it will be displayed online. In the “Lang” column, we ask that you specify the main language for a given word – with “main” corresponding not to which was the original language of the word historically, but to which language your discussion is focused on. For all of these issues, please consult the documentation below.

A further but brief discussion of the process may be helpful before you move on to the specifics. For example, an essay on Tibetan Buddhist philosophy that cites such words as “las,” “rgyud,” “sangs rgyas,” “rnal ’byor chen po,” and so forth should certainly supply the Sanskrit equivalents of these common terms. However, if there are Tibetan words which have no obvious Sanskrit correlate, we do not expect scholars to make it a research priority to figure out a proposed reconstruction. We don’t expect them to provide Chinese and Mongolian correlates, though they are welcome to do so. Likewise, an author of an article on modern Tibetan politics in China would be expected to provide Chinese equivalents of the Tibetan terms they use (and Tibetan equivalents of the Chinese terms), as available and known to the author. Similarly, an article that refers to modern administrative units (prefectures, counties, and so forth) in Tibet should have both the Tibetan and Chinese names. The general principle to follow is that you should provide translation equivalents in languages other than English to the degree it is relevant to the general scope of your article and is relatively straightforward to determine. Better to err on the side of comprehensiveness, but this should not be an overly demanding task. In addition, if you are making repeated contributions to THL or JIATS, entries can be used again by copying and and pasting from a table for a previous essay into a table for a new essay.

Filling out the Glossary Table

This section describes how to create the Glossary Table.

For quick reference on how to enter data in the table for a word in various languages, you can jump to various parts of the Manual below (click to jump to a section):
Wylie * Phonetics * English * Sanskrit * Chinese * Dzongkha * Mongolian * Other Languages

The following are quick references to filling out other parts of the Glossary Table: Type * Date * Lang * Variant * Example Glossary Table

To begin, download the Glossary Table Word doc and rename the file:

1. Open the blank Glossary Table template you downloaded. The file name is glossary-table.doc (you can download the file here: glossary-table.doc).
2. Use the “Save as” function and rename the file as: yourlastname-glossary-table.doc

The columns look like this:

There are examples of Glossary Table entries throughout the following sections. You can also see a sample Glossary Table at the end of this document.

What follows are detailed instructions for filling out each column of the Glossary Table.

Note: do not leave blank rows in the Glossary Table, and for a single word, do not make more than one entry (that is, one row) in the Glossary Table. Make sure each word is in its own row in the Glossary Table.
Note: do not leave blank lines in the essay itself. That is, make sure there are no extra paragraph returns in the essay. To do this:

1. Open the Search and Replace box in Microsoft Word with the keystroke control-h (Mac: command-h).
2. Click in the Find What field, then click on the Special button at the bottom of the window and select Paragraph mark (if you don't see the Special button, click the More button at the bottom of the window). This will insert ^p in the Find What field.
3. Copy ^p and paste it again into the Find What field so that you now see ^p^p
4. In the Replace With field paste in ^p
5. Click Replace All. This will replace all instances of two paragraph returns in a row with a single paragraph return.

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Wylie

For all Tibetan words, use the THL Extended Wylie transliteration scheme. See a presentation of THL Extended Wylie. Every Tibetan word that occurs (in both the essay and the Glossary Table) must be in Wylie transliteration. This includes such common words as “lha sa,” “bla ma,” and so forth. For all Tibetan words, in the Glossary Table enter “tib” in the “Lang” column and enter the type of word it is in the “Type” column (refer to the section below on filling out the Type column for a list of types and a description of each).

• Do not capitalize the first letter of a word – this includes the names of places, people, text titles, and so forth – unless THL Extended Wylie calls for capitalization (for example, a long vowel or a reverse letter). Online, the first letter of Tibetan proper nouns such as person names, place names, and text titles will display as a capital letter. Since this is handled by the stylesheet, as long as you have entered the correct Wylie in the essay and you have created an entry for the word in the Glossary Table, it will be converted into the correct XML markup and the stylesheet will display it properly online. If you capitalize the first letter, it will in fact display incorrectly online, as a long vowel or a reverse letter.
• Do not italicize the Wylie, either in the Glossary Table or in the essay itself. The stylesheets will display Tibetan in italics online.
• Do not include in the Wylie that you enter in the Glossary Table English-language pluralizers (example: the “s” in “There are several bla mas here”) or possessives (example: “The bla ma’s texts” or “All the bla mas’ texts”). In the essay itself, however, you must include English-language pluralizers and possessives.
• THL Extended Wylie does not use hyphens between syllables. Remove all hyphens from Tibetan words in Wylie.
• Use a close single quote (’) plus the vowel to represent the Tibetan letter achung (). Example: the correct Wylie for is ’ja’ ma’i. Note: be sure to use a smart quote (’) rather than a straight quote ('). For more on this and instructions on how to generate smart quotes in Microsoft Word, see the section on “Smart Quotes” on the Formatting page.
• In the Glossary Table, for all Tibetan words enter “tib” in the “Lang” column, as detailed below.
• In the essay itself, for every occurrence of a Tibetan word, enter only the Wylie transliteration, which must be exactly the same as the transliteration entered in the Wylie column in the Glossary Table; in the essay, do NOT include English translation, equivalents of the word in other languages, or the phonetics. Do not italicize the Wylie.
• For reverse gi gu, enter “-i” rather than the more common “I”. This is one major difference between THL Extended Wylie and the basic Wylie system. If you would like, you can also add the following footnote in the essay itself, after the first occurrence of a reverse gi gu: In accordance with THL and JIATS protocols, the reverse gi gu, which is commonly transliterated as capital “I,” is rendered as “-i” (a lowercase “i” preceded by a dash).
• In the essay itself, only enter the THL Extended Wylie of the word; do not include translation or dates for the word. These go in the Glossary Table, as detailed below.
• If a Tibetan person has an established English name (that is, she or he has published English-language works and so has an “English” name), then this name may be used, in which case it is treated as an English name and is entered in the Glossary Table according to the conventions for English person names (see below) Add the Wylie in the Wylie column, and enter “eng” in the Lang column.
• Do not enter passages or long strings of Tibetan in the Glossary Table. The Glossary Table is only for words or short phrases. Passages of Tibetan should be translated into English. Put the translation in the body of the essay and the passage in Wylie in a footnote/endnote, and format them in their own paragraph so THL staff can locate them easily and process them to display as indented quotes (by applying the Word style Lang Tibetan,tib to the passage).

All occurrences of each Tibetan word in your essay need to be in THL Extended Wylie. For words that you know occur more than once in the essay, you can use the following procedure to change them all at once. Example: your essay as originally written uses the form “bSod-Nams-rGya-mTsho”; this needs to be entered in the Wylie column of the Glossary Table in THL Extended Wylie, which is bsod nams rgya mtsho. You can then change all occurrences in the essay itself to bsod nams rgya mtsho at one time:

1. Highlight bSod-Nams-rGya-mTsho and copy it with the keystroke control-c (Mac: apple-c) or by pulling down the Edit menu and clicking on “copy”
2. Open the search-and-replace dialogue box with the keystroke control-h (Mac: apple-h) or by pulling down the Edit menu and clicking on “Find and Replace”
3. Click on the “Replace” tab
4. In the “Find what” field, paste in the text you copied (in this example, bSod-Nams-rGya-mTsho) by using the keystroke control-v (Mac: apple-v) or by pulling down the Edit menu and clicking on “paste”
5. In the “Replace with” field, enter the correct Wylie (in this example, bsod nams rgya mtsho)
6. Click the “More” button to expand the search-and-replace box
7. Click the box next to “Match case”; a check-mark should now appear in that box
8. Click the “Find Next” button. The Word doc will now jump to the next occurrence of the text in the “Find what” field, and that text will now be highlighted (if you get a message that says the search item was not found, check the text in the “Find what” field to make sure it is exactly the way the word appears in the essay)
9. Click the “Replace All” button. This will replace every occurrence of the text in the “Find what” field with the text in the “Replace with” field
10. If you made a mistake, you can undo the Replace operation with the keystroke control-z (Mac: apple-z) or by pulling down the Edit menu and clicking on “Undo.”

Examples:

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Phonetics

For Tibetan words: leave this column blank. JIATS editors will supply the THL phonetics for each Tibetan word in the Glossary Table. You may view a presentation of the THL Simplified Phonetics scheme.

For Mongolian words: enter the phonetic for the word in the Phonetics column, according to this system of phonetics. Be sure to capitalize proper nouns. Example: Altan Khan

For Dzongkha words: enter the phonetic for the word in the Phonetics column, according to the official system of Dzongkha phonetics. Be sure to capitalize proper nouns.

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English

Enter the English translation of the Tibetan/Sanskrit/Pali/Mongolian/Chinese/French/German/etc. word in the English column. We request that whenever possible you supply an English translation, both to provide a basic meaning for non-English words for non-specialists and to provide your interpretation of foreign-language words for specialists. The translation will appear both in the essay itself and in the Glossary. You do NOT need to enter a translation for personal names, place names, or monastery/temple names. Remember that whatever you enter in the English column of the glossary table will appear in the essay followed by the word in its original language in parentheses for the first occurrence of the word, and that for all subsequent occurrences of the word only the English will appear.

In the English translation:

• Capitalize proper nouns such as text titles
• Singular and plural: in the glossary table, use the singular form for all English translations. In the article/essay itself, add to the end of the Wylie the English pluralizer “s” or “es” when necessary. Example: the article/essay reads “This work is based on several Tibetan gter mas.” In the Glossary Table, the entry for gter ma has “treasure-text” in the English column (since this is the author’s English translation for gter ma; note that it is the singular treasure-text and not the plural treasure-texts). After conversion to XML, the article/essay will display online as “This work is based on several Tibetan treasure-texts (gter ma).”
  • Special case: if your English translation ends in “y” and in the article/essay you use the plural, you need to make a note of this and send it to us. Example: in your article/essay you have this sentence, which will display online as: “However, these are just taken as stories (gtam dpe) rather than as actual accounts.” In the Glossary Table entry for gtam dpe you enter “story” as the English translation. The article/essay itself you prepare looks like this, with the pluralizing “s” following gtam dpe: “However, these are just taken as gtam dpes rather than as actual accounts.” However, in English the word “story” changes its ending to form the plural, but in the automated conversion of the article/essay to XML it will simply insert the “s” after the English from the Glossary Table. Therefore, you need to notify the THL staff so we can manually fix this after conversion. Note: this also applies to English words that end in -f but form their plural as -ves.
• Literal and Non-Literal Translations: if a word has a translation as well as a separate, literal translation, enter the translation you have used in the English column. Then, in the essay itself, include the literal translation in parentheses where you would like it to appear. Make sure to notify the editors that you have done this, so they can make sure it appears in the correct place after the essay has been made web-ready.
• Exceptions: we do not ask that you translate the names of people, deities, places, organizations, monasteries, and buildings, although you may. However, there may be some instances of these names that call for translations, such as when a translation is an integral part of an argument you are making. Also, if you want a translation of a deity's name, for example, to appear in the published online glossary but you do not want it to appear in the article/essay itself, enter the translation in the English column of the Glossary Table and in the Variant column enter a pound sign (#).
• Text Titles: please supply an English translation for all text titles. Do this in the entry for the work in the Bibliography, adding the English translation square brackets [ ] and not in italics after the title.

2. English Proper Nouns

For English proper nouns such as person names, place names, organization names, and so forth, enter the word in the English column, enter the type of word it is in the Type column, enter “eng” in the Lang column, and in the Variant column, enter a single dash (-). Examples:

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Sanskrit

For a Sanskrit word, enter the transliteration in this column. Do not capitalize proper nouns such as person names, place names, text titles, and so forth. No Sanskrit words should be capitalized. Do not italicize the word, either in the Glossary Table or in the essay itself. Include in the Glossary Table all Sanskrit words, including those commonly used in English such as “karma.”

• For all Sanskrit words, enter an English translation in the English column of the Glossary Table. You do not need to enter translations for people names, place names, monastery names, and organization names.
• Enter “san” in the “Lang” column, as detailed below.
• In the article/essay itself, for every occurrence of a Sanskrit word, enter the transliteration of that word, which must be exactly the same as the transliteration entered in the Sanskrit column of the Glossary Table entry for that word. For all Sanskrit words, including those which are commonly used in English such as “karma,” use the standard scholarly transliteration system that employs diacritic marks (see the IATS system). Do not capitalize the first letter of proper nouns. Examples: dāna and not daana; śiva and not /siva or shiva or Śiva. Do not italicize the word.
• In the article/essay itself, only enter the Sanskrit transliteration of the word; do not include translation or dates for the word. These go in the Glossary Table, as detailed below.
• In the essay itself, do not italicize Sanskrit words.
• In the Glossary Table, capitalize the English translation when it is a proper noun (text title, doxographical category, and so forth).
• As appropriate, enter the corresponding Tibetan, Chinese, Mongolian, etc. of the word in its respective column in the Glossary Table.
• Do not enter passages or long strings of Sanskrit in the Glossary Table. The Glossary Table is only for words or short phrases. Passages of Sanskrit should be translated into English. Put the translation in the body of the article/essay and the passage in transliteration in a footnote/endnote, and format them in their own paragraph so THL staff can locate them easily and apply the appropriate Word style to the passage.
• For reconstructed Sanskrit, in both the article/essay and the Glossary Table, insert an asterisk (*) at the beginning of the word, with no space between it and the first letter. Example: *svalakṣaṇasiddhi

Examples:

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Chinese

For a Chinese word, enter the pinyin transliteration in the Chinese column of the Glossary Table (do NOT use ethnic pinyin) followed by a space and then the Chinese characters in parentheses. You must combine all syllables correctly (for example, Mao Zedong, not Mao Ze Dong) and capitalize all letters that need to be capitalized (for example, Qingji Zhongwai shiling nianbiao for 清季中外使領年表). For a presentation of the principles for combining syllables and capitalization, see this Wikipedia page (note: do NOT use tone marks or diacritics). Do not use the Wade-Giles transliteration system. If you have used Wade-Giles transliteration, you need to convert it into pinyin. Use an online converter or consult conversion tables in the PDF from the Library of Congress (beginning at the bottom of page eight) as well as in The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, 10.103.

• If the word is a proper noun (a person’s name, place name, text title, and so forth) then capitalize the appropriate letters.
• Enter “chi” in the “Lang” column, as detailed below.
• In the essay itself, for every occurrence of a Chinese word, enter the pinyin transliteration, which must be exactly the same as the pinyin you entered in the Chinese column in the Glossary Table entry for the word. Do not italicize the pinyin.
• In the essay itself, only enter the pinyin of the word; do not include Chinese characters, translation, or dates for the word. These go in the Glossary Table, as detailed below.
• In the English column of the Glossary Table, enter an English translation for the word. You do not have to enter translations for people names, place names, organization names, or monastery names.
• As appropriate, enter the corresponding Tibetan, Sanskrit, Mongolian, etc. of the word in its respective column in the Glossary Table.
• Do not enter passages or long strings of Chinese in the Glossary Table. The Glossary Table is only for words or short phrases. Passages of Chinese should be translated into English. Put the translation in the body of the essay and the passage in pinyin followed by Chinese characters in parentheses in a footnote/endnote, and format them in their own paragraph so THL staff can locate them easily and apply the appropriate Word style to the passage.

Examples:

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Other

This column is for all Dzongkha, Mongolian, Hindi, Pali, and Nepali words, as well as words from any language other than English, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Chinese. Enter the word in this column, and then specify the language in the “Lang” column, using the three-letter abbreviation for the language from the list below. If the language is not listed below, please contact us and we will add it and assign the three-letter abbreviation.

List of Languages and Abbreviation to Enter in the “Other” Column of the Glossary Table

Example: for a Mongolian word, enter the transliteration in the “Other” column. Enter the phonetic rendering of the Mongolian word in the Phonetics column. In the “Lang” column, enter “mon”; in the “English” column, enter the English translation.

Example: for a Dzongkha word, enter the transliteration in the “Other” column. Enter the phonetic rendering of the Dzongkha word in the Phonetics column. In the “Lang” column, enter “dzo”; in the “English” column, enter the English translation.

• In the essay itself, for every occurrence of the word, enter the transliteration, which must be exactly the same as the transliteration entered in the “Other” column in the Glossary Table.
• In the essay itself, only enter the transliteration of the word; do not include phonetics, translation, or dates for the word. These go in the Glossary Table, as detailed below. Do not italicize the word.
• For a Mongolian or Dzongkha word that has a Tibetan equivalent (that is, one is a translation of the other, or they have the same meaning, or they have the same English translation), follow the procedure described below in the Variant section.
• As appropriate, enter the corresponding Chinese, Sanskrit, etc. of the word in its respective column in the Glossary Table.
• Do not enter long strings or passages of non-English text in the Glossary Table. The Glossary Table is only for words or short phrases. Passages of Mongolian, French, and so forth should be translated into English. Put the translation in the body of the article/essay and the passage in the original language in a footnote/endnote, and format them in their own paragraph so THL staff can locate them easily and apply the appropriate Word style to the passage.

Examples:

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Type

This is the type of word, such as a place name, a person’s name, a Buddhist term, the name of a festival, the name of a clan, the name of a Buddhist deity, the name of a monastery or temple, and so forth. Below is a table listing the types of words. Enter the appropriate type in the Type column of the Glossary Table.

For English proper nouns that are not translations of Tibetan, Sanskrit, or other languages:

1. Create an entry in the Glossary Table
2. Enter the word in the English column
3. Enter “eng” in the Lang column
4. Enter the appropriate type in the Type column
5. Enter a single dash (-) in the Variant column.

Glossary Table Entry Types

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Date

If your article/essay includes the dates for a person’s life in parentheses after the person’s name, such as blo bzang ’phrin las (1150-1216), enter the dates in the Date column of the Glossary Table (do not enter the parentheses in the Glossary Table) and delete from the article/essay itself the dates, including the parentheses. Follow the same procedure if your article/essay includes dates in parentheses for a text, a monastery or building, a piece of art, and so forth. Online, the dates will display in parentheses at the first occurrence of the individual’s name, text title, and so forth. Note: you must follow the conventions for the proper formatting of dates and date ranges described in the section on Numbers in the Formatting page.

• Include in the Date column dates for the reign of a ruler, using “r.” to indicate that it is a date for the reign.
• Include in the Date column “d.” to indicate the date a person died. Example: d. 649
• Include in the Date column “fl.” to indicate the dates that a person flourished. Example: fl. 1174-87
• Include in the Date column “ca.” (an abbreviation of circa) to indicate approximate dates. Example: ca. 1704
• For centuries, spell out the number; do not use ordinal numbers. For example, use “eighteenth century”; do not use “18th c.” or “18th century”
• For centuries either spell out “the eighteen hundreds” or use numerals “the 1800s”; do not use an apostrophe, such as “the 1800’s”
• For decades, use the format the “1960s”; do not use an apostrophe, such as “the 1960’s”
• You can use more than one abbreviation where necessary. For example,“r. 1345-65, fl. 1336-80”

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Lang

In the Lang column, enter the three-letter abbreviation for the language of the word. Use the following abbreviations:

If for a given word you have equivalents in more than one language, enter the main language in the Lang column. For example, if you are discussing the Tibetan word las and you want the Sanskrit karma to appear also, the Glossary Table would look like this (notice that the English translation “action” is also entered in the table):

If the Sanskrit word karma is being discussed and you want the Tibetan word las to appear also, then enter “san” in the Lang column.

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Variant

If your article contains a non-English word with two or more forms (such as the full name of a monastery and its abbreviated name), these should be listed in the Glossary Table with the primary form of the word occurring first, and each variant having its own entry (that is, its own line in the Glossary Table) on the lines immediately below the entry for the primary form of the word. In the Variant column for each of the variants, enter an asterisk (*).

• In the Glossary Table, the variant must be in the row directly beneath the word of which it is a variant; there can be no other entries intervening.
• Do not enter dates for the variant entry, even if there are dates entered for the primary entry. For example, if your article/essay has the personal name ’gro mgon chos rgyal ’phags pa as well as its abbreviation ’phags pa bla ma, you create an entry for ’phags pa bla ma in the row immediately below the entry for ’gro mgon chos rgyal ’phags pa and enter an asterisk (*) in the Variant column, so the Glossary Table looks like this:

• Enter a double asterisk (**) in the Variant column when there are two non-English words (of the same language) with the same English translation. Example: in your essay you have the Tibetan words lugs gnyis and lugs zung and the English translation for both of these is “two customs”; the Glossary Table entries for these two words are as below. Note: the two entries must be on succeeding rows in the table – there cannot be rows for other words between them – and the double asterisk only goes in the Variant column of the second entry (in this example, lugs zung):

• When there is a Tibetan word and a Mongolian or Dzongkha word that are equivalents (that is, one is a translation of the other, or they have the same meaning, or they have the same English translation), treat them as you would two words in the same language that have the same English translation. Decide which is the main entry, and on the line in the Glossary Table below that, enter the word in the other language, and enter a double asterisk (**) in the Variant column. Note: this is only for Tibetan, Mongolian and Dzongkha words, since they all have data in the Phonetics field. Example: if the Mongolian name sodnam qaγan is the main entry and there is a Tibetan version of this name (bsod nams khang), then enter data in the table as you would for any Mongolian name and on the next line enter the Tibetan data and ** in the Variant column, like this:

Abbreviated Bibliographic Citations

If a text or article title occurs more than once in the essay, use an abbreviated form for all occurrences after the first (see details in the Bibliographic Citations page):

• In the essay, use a four- or five-word (or shorter) abbreviated title for all occurrences after the first.
• In the Glossary Table, create an entry for the full title. Then on the next line of the Glossary Table, create an entry for the abbreviated title, and in the Variant column enter an asterisk (*)
• In the essay, use only the author’s last name for all citations after the first.
• In the Glossary Table, create an entry for the author’s full name; in the Variant column, enter a single dash (-).
• On the next line of the Glossary Table, create an entry for the author’s last name, and in the Variant column enter an asterisk (*) and a single dash (-).
• On the next line of the Glossary Table, create an entry for the author’s name in the Bibliography (last name, first name), and in the Variant column enter an asterisk (*) and a single dash (-).
• For Tibetan authors, do not abbreviate the author name to just the last name; use the full name, since Tibetans do not have first and last names.
• For Chinese authors:
  • The last or family name is the first word in a Chinese name, so the abbreviated name is just the family name. Example: Mao is the abbreviated form of Mao Zedong.
  • In the Bibliography, alphabetize by the family name and do not use a comma to separate first and last name. Example: alphabetize “Mao Zedong” in the “m”s as Mao Zedong.

• See Bibliographic Citations for specific instructions regarding citations.

Example:

Photos, Charts, Tables, and so forth

In the essay, indicate the place you want each photo, chart, graph, etc to be placed, using this convention: [insert Figure 1 here].

You are responsible for acquiring permission to use any copyrighted images, charts, graphs, and so forth in your article. For more details, see Photos, Graphs, Charts, Video, and Other Media.

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More on Specific Types of Words, Foreign-Language Words, and so forth

Pali

For each Pali word, including those which are commonly used in English such as bhikkhu, create an entry in the Glossary Table using the standard transliteration system that employs diacritic marks. Enter this in the “Other” column, and in the “Lang” column enter “pli” – the three-letter language abbreviation. Follow the transliteration system used in the Pali-English Dictionary by Rhys Davids and Stede. For a chart of diacritic characters that can be copied and pasted into a document using a Unicode font, go to http://www.thlib.org/tools/thl-diacritic-chart.php.

• Pali proper nouns: do not capitalize these in the essay or in the Glossary Table.
• In the essay itself, enter the transliteration of the word exactly as it appears in the Glossary Table entry.

Nepali

For each Nepali word, create an entry in the Glossary Table using the standard transliteration system that employs diacritic marks. Enter this in the “Other” column, and in the “Lang” column enter “nep”.

• Nepali proper nouns: do not capitalize these in the essay or in the Glossary Table.
• In the essay itself, enter the transliteration of the word exactly as it appears in the Glossary Table entry.

Nepali is transliterated like Sanskrit, with a few exceptions:

1. In accordance with pronunciation, the inherent ‘a’ vowel is not always written. Examples:
   1. nepāl, not nepāla
   2. gorkha, not gorakha
2. Nasalized consonants are usually transliterated as a tilde (~) preceding the consonant rather than as an ṇ, ṃ, ṁ, or ṅ. Example (above the first ‘a’):
   1. ãdhyāro

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Geographic Features

For the names of mountains, rivers, valleys, lakes, and caves, create an entry in the Glossary Table. In the Type column, enter the appropriate word – mountain, river, valley, lake, or cave. Example:

Note: this applies only to the names of specific mountains, rivers, lakes, valleys, and so forth. It does not apply to general references to geographic features, such as “There are many mountains in Tibet.”

For the names of other geographic features such as rocks, forests, and so forth, follow the same procedure but in the Glossary Table enter “geographic feature” in the Type column.

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Examples of Glossary Table Entries

Provided for unrestricted use by the Tibetan and Himalayan Library